autore:Robert A. Langer, M.D.
Meccanismi: Fisiologia di nausea e vomito Diagramma Fattori di rischio per PONV Fattori chirurgici Fattori propri del paziente Fattori anestesiologici Fattori post-operatori Opzioni di trattamento Farmaci anti-emetici Ondansetron Droperidolo Metoclopramide trattamenti "Alternativi" Agopuntura radice di zenzero training psicologici positivi Fattori economici di PONV Costi Costo-efficacia delle strategie di trattamento Conclusioni: Strategia appropriata per costo ed efficacia Altri studi correlati: Altri agenti confronto tra i vari farmaci Bibliografia
Attività recettoriale--(+/-)-> ------ ------- Tossine ematiche--(+)--> | CTZ |----> | | Afferenze Vestibolari----(+)--> -- (+) |Centro |--> Vomito (+) |del Vomito |--> Effereze Corteccia (visione, gusto, odori, etc)------>| | faringe |-----> ------- Tratto GastroEnterico, Mediastino|(vago) Adattato da Watcha, et al. {1}
(-) Ondansetron :: Droperidolo :: Atropina :: Prometazina :: :: :: (+) Serotonina :: Dopamina :: Muscarinici :: Istamina
Studio paz. Dose in 70 KG N/V: Drop. vs. Plac. ----- ------ --------- -------- -------------------- {23) 150 5 mcg/Kg (0.3 mg) 10% vs. 41% {24} 140 5 mcg/Kg (0.3 mg) 4% vs. 35% 10 mcg/Kg (0.63 mg) 4% vs. 35% {23} 150 10 mcg/Kg (0.63 mg) 9% vs. 41% {25} 185 20 mcg/Kg (1.25 mg) 17% vs. 40% {26} 140 20 mcg/Kg (1.25 mg) 20% vs. 65%
Studio Paz. Chirurgia Dose N/V vs Plac. p ----- ---- ---------- ---------- ------------ ----- {28} 102 Pediatria 0.15 mg/Kg 47% vs. 70% <0.03
{29} 110 strabismo 0.25 mg/kg 29% vs. 88% <0.01
{30} 48 anestesia spi.con morfina 20 mg im 17% vs. 58% <0.05
{31} 182 ortopedia (adulti) 20 mg iv 58% vs. 83% <0.05
{25} 185 ortopedia (adulti) 10 mg iv same as placebo
{26} 140 laparoscopia 10 mg po same as placebo
{32} 77 anestesia spiale 10 mg iv same as placebo
{17} 60 termin.preg. 10 mg iv same as placebo </pre>
Una strategia ragionevole può essere utilizzare basse dosi di droperidolo (10-20mcg/kg) come profilassi di routine in tutti i pazienti. A questi dosaggi, gli effetti collaterali sono trascurabili a l'incidenza complessiva di PONV si riduce.Una dose maggiore di droperidolo (25-50 mcg/Kg) può essere utilizzata per pazienti o procedure ad alto rischio, ipotizzando un minimo di effetti collaterali. Per quei pochi pazienti in cui la profilassi risulta inefficace, si può utilizzare l'ondasentron per ridurre la durata degli episodi di PONV, per velocizzare la dimissione dalla sala risveglio (senza bloccare utili risorse), e per dare possibilmente al paziente un sollievo che duri per 24 ore (16). Altro razionale di questo approccio è che droperidolo ed ondasentron agiscono su differenti recettori e potrebbero essere sinergici.
(29)-Metoclopromide (0.15 o 0.25mg/Kg) vs. droperidolo
(0.075mg/Kg) vs.placebo in 110 casi di chirurgia
pediatrica per strabismo:N/V- Placebo 88%,Meto. 0.15mg/Kg
68% (non signif.), Meto. 0.25mg/Kg 29% (signif.), Drop.
33% (signif.)
(21)- Ondasentron (4 mg EV) vs. droperidolo (1.25 mg EV)
vs. placebo in 120 casi di chirurugia ortopedica dell'
adulto in doppio cieco: N/V - placebo 45%, ondan. 17%,
drop. 18%, entrambi signif. vs. placebo ma non
signif.differenti.
(42)- Ondasentron (0.15 mg/Kg) vs.droperidolo (0.075
mg/Kg) in 57 casi di chirurgia pediatrica per strabismo
in doppio cieco: efficacia :-ondasentron 94%, drop. 81%
(differenza non signif.).
(43) -Michaloudis, et al. hanno dimostrato che
combinare farmaci con sito d'azione differente, in dosi
sub terapeutiche (per minimizzare gli effetti
collaterali) è altrettanto efficace quanto dosi
terapeutiche di droperidolo in 71 casi di GLP
-droperidolo 0.5 mg + metoclopramide 5 mg + ioscina 0.1mg
vs. droperidolo 1.25 mg.
(44) - Mathia, et al. hanno riscontrato che combinare
droperidolo e metoclopramide non diminuisce l'incidenza
di N/V rispetto al droperidolo da solo.
(45) - Efedrina (0.5 o 1 mg/Kg) vs.metoclopramide
(0.15 mg/Kg) vs. droperidolo (0.05 mg/Kg) in 100 casi
pediatrici di ernioplastica: efedrina non differente da
placebo (qualunque dose), meto e drop. signif. meno N/V
senza signif. differenza tra i due.
(31)- Alizapride (100 o 200 mg) vs. metoclopramide (20
mg) vs. droperidolo (1.25 mg) vs. placebo: N/V - placebo
83%, aliz. 100 mg 46% (p<0.01), aliz. 200 mg
33%(p<0.05), drop. 35% (p<0.001), meto. non signif.
differenze rispetto al placebo.
{25} - Domperidone (5 o 10 mg) vs. droperidolo (1.25 mg)
vs.metoclopramide (10 mg) in 185 casi ortopedici: Vomito
- placebo 40%, dom. 42% (non signif.), drop. 17%
(signif.), meto 37% (non signif.).
(46) -Cerotto di scopolamina transdermica (140 mcg
inizialmente, quindi 5 mcg/hr) vs. droperidolo (1.25 mg)
vs. placebo in 96 donne sottoposte a chirurgia
ambulatoriale : Nausea -placebo 25%, cerotto 20%, drop.
15% (p <0.05); per il vomito nessuna differenza tra i
gruppi
{47} -Dixirazina (0.25 mg/Kg) vs. droperidolo (0.075
mg/Kg ) vs. placebo in 61 casi di chirurgia pediatrica
per strabismo: N/V - placebo 65%, dix.25% (signif. vs.
placebo e con minore sedazione del drop.), drop. 48%
(signif.).
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traduzione a cura di: dott. Roberto Serretta