Prepared by Richard J. Sperry, MD
University of Utah, Salt Lake City

Copyright (c) 1996 SNACC All Rights Reserved



1. Abramson PJ, Todd NW, Holt PJ, Allen AT, Hayden GB: Neck flexion and extension in children with Down syndrome: a somatosensory study. Laryngoscope 105:1209-12, 1995

2. Aprahamian C, Thompson BM, Finger WA, Darin JC: Experimental cervical spine injury model: evaluation of airway management and splinting techniques. Ann Emerg Med 13:584-587, 1984

3. Aro L, Takki S, Aromaa U: Technique for difficult intubation. Br J Anaesth 43:1081-1083, 1971

4. Aufderheide TP, Aprahamian C, Mateer JR, Rudnick E, Manchester EM, Lawrence SW, Olson DW, Hargarten SW: Emergency airway management in hanging victims. Ann Emerg Med 24:879-884, 1994

5. Barriot P, Riou B: Retrograde technique for tracheal intubation in trauma patients. Crit Care Med 16:712-713, 1988

6. Bivins HG, Ford S, Bezmalinovic Z, Price HM, Williams JL: The effect of axial traction during orotracheal intubation of the trauma victim with an unstable cervical spine. Ann Emerg Med 17:25-29, 1988

7. Broom MJ, Raycroft JF: Complications of fractures of the cervical spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Spine 13:763-766, 1988

8. Calder I, Calder J, Crockard HA: Difficult direct laryngoscopy in patients with cervical spine disease. Anaesthesia 50:756-763, 1995

9. Cohn AI, Zornow MH: Awake endotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine disease: a comparison of the Bullard laryngoscope and the fiberoptic bronchoscope. Anesth Analg 81:1283-1286, 1995

10. Colachis SC, Strohm BR, Ganter EL: Cervical spine motion in normal women: radiographic study of effect of cervical collars. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 54:161-169, 1973

11. Criswell JC, Parr MJ, Nolan JP: Emergency airway management in patients with cervical spine injuries. Anaesthesia 49:900-903, 1994

+12. Crosby ET: The adult cervical spine: implications for airway management (review). Can J Anaesth 37:77-93, 1990

*13. Donaldson WF, Towers JD, Doctor A, Brand A, Donaldson VP: A methodology to evaluate motion of the unstable spine during intubation techniques. Spine 18:2020-2023, 1993

14. Doolan LA, O'Brian JF: Safe intubation in cervical spine injury. Anaesth Intens Care 13:319-324, 1985

15. itzgerald RD, Krafft P, Skrbensky G, Pernerstorfer T, Steiner E, Kapral S, Weinstabl C. Excursions of the cervical spine during tracheal intubation: blind oral intubation compared with direct laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 49:111-115, 1994

16. Gajraj NM, Chason DP, Shearer VE: Cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation: comparison of the Belscope and Macintosh blades. Anaesthesia 49:772-774, 1994

+17. Hastings RH, Marks JD: Airway management for trauma patients with potential cervical spine injuries (review). Anesth Analg 73:471-482, 1991

*18. Heath KJ: The effect on laryngoscopy of different cervical spine immobilisation techniques. Anaesthesia 49:843-845, 1994

19. Kobel M, Creighton RE, Steward DJ: Anaesthetic considerations in Down's syndrome: experience with 100 patients and a review of the literature. Can Anaesth Soc J 29:593-599, 1982

20. Lechman MJ, Donahoo JS, Macvaugh H: Endotracheal intubation using percutaneous retrograde guidewire insertion followed by antegrade fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Crit Care Med 14:589-590, 1986

21. Majernick TG, Bieniek R, Houston JB, Hughes HG: Cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 15:417-420, 1986

22. McNamara RM: Retrograde intubation of the trachea. Ann Emerg Med 16:680-682, 1987

23. Pennant JH, Pace NA, Gajraj NM: Role of the laryngeal mask airway in the immobile cervical spine. J Clin Anesth 5:226-230, 1993

*24. Podolsky S, Baraff LJ, SimonRR, Hoffman JR, Larmon B, Albon W: Efficacy of cervical spine immobilization methods. J Trauma 23:461-465, 1983

25. Pusechel SM, Scola FH: Atlantoaxial instability in individuals with Down syndrome: epidemiologic, radiographic, and clinical studies. Pediatrics 80:555-560, 1987

26. Reasoner DK, Warner DS, Todd MM, Hunt SW, Kirchner J: A comparison of anesthetic techniques for awake intubation in neurosurgical patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:94-99, 1995

*27. Scannell G, Waxman K, Tominaga G, Barker S, Annas C: Orotracheal intubation in trauma patients with cervical fractures. Arch Surg 128:903-905, 1993

28. Shatney CH, Brunner RD, Nguyen TQ: The safety of orotracheal intubation in patients with unstable cervical spine fracture or high spinal cord injury. Am J Surg 170:676-679, 1995

29. Sidhu VS, Whitehead EM, Ainsworth QP, Smith M, Calder I: A technique of awake fibreoptic intubation. Experience in patients with cervical spine disease. Anaesthesia 48:910-913, 1993

30. Stewart RD: Tactile orotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 13:175-178, 1984

31. Suderman VS, Crosby ET: Elective oral tracheal intubation in cervical spine injured adults (review). Can J Anaesth 38:785-789, 1991

32. Talucci RC, Shaikh KA, Schwab CW: Rapid sequence induction with oral endotracheal intubation in the multiply injured patient. Am Surg 54:185-187, 1988

33. Weissman BNW, Aliabadi P, Weinfeld MS, Thomas WH, Sosman JL: Prognostic features of atlantoaxial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Radiology 144:745-751, 1982

34. White AA, Johnson RM, Panjabi MM, Southwick WO: Biomechanical analysis of clinical stability in the cervical spine. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 109:85-96, 1975

35. Whitley JE, Forsyth HF: The classification of cervical spine injuries. A J R 83:633-644, 1960

*36. Wood PR, Lawler PG: Managing the airway in cervical spine injury. A review of the Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol. Anaesthesia 47:792-797, 1992

37. Wright SW, Robinson GG, Wright MB: Cervical spine injuries in blunt trauma patients requiring emergent endotracheal intubation. Am J Emerg Med 10:104-109, 1992