+1. Baron JC, Frackowiak RSJ, Herholz K, Jones T, Lammertmas AA, Mazoyer B, Wienhard K: Use of PET methods for measurement of cerebral energy metabolism and hemodynamics in cerebrovascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9:723742, 1989

2. Brooks RA, Hatazawa J, Di Chiro G, Larson SM, Fishbein DS: Human cerebral glucose metabolism determined by positron emission tomography: A revisit. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:427432, 1987

3. Chance B, Smith DS, DelivoriaPapadopoulos M, Younkin DP: New techniques for evaluating metabolic brain injury in newborn infants. Crit Care Med 17:465471, 1989

+4. Eggert HR, Blazek V: Optical properties of normal human intracranial tissues in the spectral range of 400 to 2500 NM. Adv Exp Med Biol 333:4755, 1993

+5. Frahm J: Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of human brain in vivo: anatomy, function, and metabolism. Adv Exp Med Biol 333:257271, 1993 6. Gadian DG, Frackowiak RSJ, Crockard HA, Proctor E, Allen K, Williams SR, Russell RWR: Acute cerebral ischaemia: Concurrent changes in cerebral blood flow, energy metabolites, pH, and lactate measured with hydrogen clearance and 31P and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. I. Methodology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:199206, 1987

7. Hatazawa J, Ito M, Matsuzawa T, Ido T, Watanuki S: Measurement of the ratio of cerebral oxygen comsumption to glucose utilization by positron emission tomography: its consistency with the values determined by the KetySchmidt method in normal volunteers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 8:426432, 1988

*8. Hšper J, Gaab MR: Intraoperative monitoring of local Hboxygenation in human brain cortex. Oxygen Transport to Tissue XVI, Edited by Hogan MC et al New York, Plenum Press, 1994, pp 483489

9. Keen RE, Barrio JR, Huang SC, Hawkins RA, Phelps ME: In vivo cerebral protein synthesis rates with leucyltransfer RNA used as a precursor pool; determination of biochemical parameters to structure tracer kinetic models for positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9:429445, 1989

+10. Knudsen GM: Bloodbrain barrier transport measurements using petscanning and intravenous double indicator technique. Adv Exp Med Biol 333:251256, 1993

11. Lammertmas AA, Brooks DJ, Frackowiak RSJ, Beaney RP, Herold S, Heather JD, Palmer AJ, Jones T: Measurement of glucose utilization with [18F]2Fluoro2DeoxyDGlucose: A comparison of different analytical methods. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:161172, 1987

12. Lassen NA: Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man. Physiol Rev 39:183238, 1959

13. Lassen NA, Lane MH: Validity of internal jugular blood for study of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. J Appl Physiol 16:313320, 1961

14. Medina MA, Jones DJ, Stavinoha WB, Ross DH: The levels of labile intermediary metabolites in mouse brain following rapid tissue fixation with microwave irradiation. J Neurochem 24:223227, 1975

15. Meyer JS, Shinohara Y: A method for measuring cerebral hemispheric blood flow and metabolism. Stroke 1:419431, 1970

+16. Mies G: Autoradiographic and biochemical imaging in cerebral ischemia. Adv Exp Med Biol 333:273285, 1993

17. Nilsson B, Siesjo BK: A method for determining blood flow and oxygen consumption in the rat brain. Acta Physiol Scand 96:7282, 1976

*18. Olsen KS, Madsen PL, Borme T, Schmidt JF: Evaluation of a 7.5 french pulmonary catheter for continuous monitoring of cerebral venous oxygen saturation. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6:233238, 1994

19. Ponten U, Ratcheson RA, Siesjš BK: Metabolic changes in the brains of mice frozen in liquid nitrogen. J Neurochem 21:11211126, 1973

20. Raichle ME, Grubb RL, Eichling JO, TerPogossian MM: Measurement of brain oxygen utilization with radioactive oxygen15: Experimental verification. J Appl Physiol 40:638640, 1976

21. Raichel ME, Welch MJ, Grubb RL, Hoggins CS, TerPogossian MM, Larson KB: Measurement of regional substrate utilization rates by emission tomography. Science 199:986987, 1978

22. Reivich M, Kuhl D, Wolf A, Greenberg J, Phelps M, Ido T, Casella V, Fowler J, Hoffman E, Alavi A, Som P, Sokoloff L: The [18F] flourodeoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in man. Circ Research 44:127137, 1979 23. Seelig J, Burlina AP: Carbon13 magnetic resonance in biology and medicine. Clinica Chimica Acta 206:125126, 1992

+24. Shulman RG, Blamire AM, Rothman DL, McCarthy G: Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of human brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 90:31273133, 1993 (Review)

+25. Siesjš BK: Brain energy metabolism. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1978

+26. Sokoloff L, Reivich M, Kennedy C, Des Rosiers MH, Patlak CS, Pettigrew KD, Sakurada O, Shinohara M: The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: Theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J Neurochem 28:898916, 1977

27. Spahn DR, Quill TJ, Hu WC, Lu J, Smith LR, Reves JG, McRae RL, Leone, BJ: Validation of 133Xe clearance as a cerebral blood flow measurement technique during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:155161, 1992

28. TerPogossian MM, Eichling JO, Dabid DO, Welch MJ: The measure in vivo of regional cerebral oxygen utilization by means of oxyhemoglobin labeled with radioactive oxygen15. J Clin Invest 49:381391, 1970

+29. Them A: Intracellular ion contentrations in the brain: approaches towards in situ confocal imaging. Adv Exp Med Biol 333:145175, 1993

30. Welsh FA: Regional evaluation of ischemic metabolic alterations. J Cereb Blood flow Metab 4:309316, 1984

31. Veech RL, Hawkins RA: Brain blowing: A technique for in vivo study of brain metabolism, Research Methods in Neurochemistry. Edited by Marks. New York, Plenum Press, 1974, pp 171182

32. Yao L, Bandres J, Memoto EM, Boston JR, Darby JM, Yonas H: Effect of 33% xenon inhalation on whole brain blood flow and metabolism in awake and fentanylanesthetized monkeys Stroke 23:6974, 1992

33. Yoshii F, Barker WW, Chang JY, Lowenstein D, Apicella A, Smith D, Boothe T, Ginsberg MD, Pascal S, Duara R: Sensitivity of cerebral glucose metabolism to age, gender, brain volume, brain atrophy, and cerebrovascular risk factors. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 8:654661, 1988