Compiled by Piyush M. Patel, MD, FRCPC
University of California, San Diego, VA Medical Center; San Diego
Copyright (c) 1996 SNACC All Rights Reserved


1. Adams HP, Jr., Brott TG, Crowell RM, Furlan AJ, Gomez CR, Grotta J, Helgason CM, Marler JR, Woolson RF, Zivin JA, et al.: Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 25:1901-14, 1994

2. Asplund K: Randomized clinical trials of hemodilution in acute ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 127:22-30, 1989

3. Cole DJ, Drummond JC, Osborne TN, Matsumura J: Hypertension and hemodilution during cerebral ischemia reduce brain injury and edema. Am J Physiol 259(1 Pt2):H211-7, 1990

4. Cole DJ, Drummond JC, Patel PM, Marcantonio S: Effects of viscosity and oxygen content on cerebral blood flow in ischemic and normal rat brain. J Neurol Sci 124:15-20, 1994

5. Cole DJ, Matsumura JS, Drummond JC, Schultz RL, Wong MH: Time- and pressure-dependent changes in blood-brain barrier permeability after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 82:266-73, 1991

6. Cole DJ, Schell RM, Drummond JC, Reynolds L: Focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Effect of hypervolemic hemodilution with diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin versus albumin on brain injury and edema. Anesthesiology 78:335-42, 1993

7. Cole DJ, Schell RM, Drummond JC: Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb): effect of hemodilution during focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 22:813-8, 1994

8. Goslinga H, Eijzenbach V, Heuvelmans JH, van der Laan de Vries E, Melis VM, Schmid-Schonbein H, Bezemer PD: Custom-tailored hemodilution with albumin and crystalloids in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 23:181-8, 1992

9. Goslinga H, Eijzenbach V, Heuvelmans JH, van, der, Laan, de, Vries, E, Melis VM, Schmid SH, Bezemer PD: Custom-tailored hemodilution with albumin and crystalloids in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 23:181-8, 1992

10. Goslinga H, Heuvelmans JH, Schmid-Schonbein H: Hemodilution and rehydration in acute ischemic stroke. A preliminary report on the Amsterdam Stroke Study. Acta Med Austriaca 18 Suppl 1:41-4, 1991

11. Goulin GD, Duthie SE, Zornow MH, Scheller MS, Peterson BM: Global cerebral ischemia: effects of pentastarch after reperfusion [see comments]. Anesth Analg 79:1036-42, 1994

12. Hartmann A, Tsuda Y, Lagreze H: Effect of hypervolaemic haemodilution of regional cerebral blood flow in patients with acute ischaemic stroke: a controlled study with hydroxyethylstarch. J Neurol 235:34-8, 1987

13. Karibe H, Zarow GJ, Weinstein PR: Use of mild intraischemic hypothermia versus mannitol to reduce infarct size after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Neurosurg 83:93-8, 1995

14. Kashiwagi F, Katayama Y, Shimizu J, Suzuki S, Iida S, Terashi A: Effect of timing and dose of the hyperosmotic agent glycerol on experimental ischemic brain edema and metabolites. Adv Neurol 52:541, 1990

15. Kline RA, Negendank W, McCoy LE: Treatment of cerebral ischemia with Dextran-40 or Fluosol DA 20%. Biomater Artif Cells Immobilization Biotechnol 20:979-83, 1992

16. Koc RK, Akdemir H, Kandemir O, Pasaoglu H, Oktem IS, Pasaoglu A: The therapeutic value of naloxone and mannitol in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Neurological outcome, histopathological findings, and tissue concentrations of Na+, K+ and water. Res Exp Med (Berl) 194:277-85, 1994

17. Korosue K, Heros RC, Ogilvy CS, Hyodo A, Tu YK, Graichen R: Comparison of crystalloids and colloids for hemodilution in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 73:576-84, 1990

18. Korosue K, Heros RC: Mechanism of cerebral blood flow augmentation by hemodilution in rabbits. Stroke 23:1487-92; discussion 1492-3, 1992

19. Kroemer H, Haass A, Muller K, Jager H, Wagner EM, Heimburg P, Klotz U: Haemodilution therapy in ischaemic stroke: plasma concentrations and plasma viscosity during long-term infusion of dextran 40 or hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 31:705-10, 1987

20. Lee SH, Heros RC, Mullan JC, Korosue K: Optimum degree of hemodilution for brain protection in a canine model of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 80:469-75, 1994

21. Little JR: Morphological changes in acute focal ischemia: response to osmotherapy. Adv Neurol 28:443-57, 1980

22. Mast H, Marx P: Neurological deterioration under isovolemic hemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch in acute cerebral ischemia [see comments]. Stroke 22:680-3, 1991

23. Memezawa H, Katayama Y, Shimizu J, Suzuki S, Kashiwagi F, Kamiya T, Terashi A: Effects of fluosol-DA on brain edema, energy metabolites, and tissue oxygen content in acute cerebral ischemia. Adv Neurol 52:109-18, 1990

24. Menzies SA, Betz AL, Hoff JT: Contributions of ions and albumin to the formation and resolution of ischemic brain edema. J Neurosurg 78:257-66, 1993

25. Mori K, Arai H, Nakajima K, Tajima A, Maeda M: Hemorheological and hemodynamic analysis of hypervolemic hemodilution therapy for cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 26:1620-6, 1995

26. Pena H, Gaines C, Suess D, Crowell RM, Waggener JD, DeGirolami U: Effect of mannitol on experimental focal ischemia in awake monkeys. Neurosurgery 11:477-81, 1982

27. Perez TA, Salgado AV, Jones SC: Isovolumic hemodilution with dextran 40 in the rat: effect on the development of peripheral edema and various physiologic parameters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 256:913-6, 1991

28. Riess JG: Overview of progress in the fluorocarbon approach to in vivo oxygen delivery. Biomater Artif Cells Immobilization Biotechnol 20:183-202, 1992

29. Sakaki T, Mokry M, Kleinert R, van VV, Auer LM: Hydroxyethyl-starch in transient experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 108:134-9, 1991

30. Sampaolo S, Nakagawa Y, Iannotti F, Cervos NJ, Bonavita V: Blood-brain barrier permeability to micromolecules and edema formation in the early phase of incomplete continuous ischemia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 82:107-11, 1991

31. Shigeno T, Asano T, Mima T, Takakura K: Effect of enhanced capillary activity on the blood-brain barrier during focal cerebral ischemia in cats. Stroke 20:1260-6, 1989

32. Shirane R, Weinstein PR: Effect of mannitol on local cerebral blood flow after temporary complete cerebral ischemia in rats. J Neurosurg 76:486-92, 1992

33. Staedt U, Holm E, Leweling H, Heene DL: Haemodilution in acute ischaemic stroke comparison of two haemodilution regimen. Neurol Res 14:152-5, 1992

34. Strand T: Evaluation of long-term outcome and safety after hemodilution therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 23:657-62, 1992

35. Tu YK, Heros RC, Candia G, Hyodo A, Lagree K, Callahan R, Zervas NT, Karacostas D: Isovolemic hemodilution in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Part 1: Effects on hemodynamics, hemorheology, and intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 69:72-81, 1988

36. Tu YK, Heros RC, Karacostas D, Liszczak T, Hyodo A, Candia G, Zervas NT, Lagree K: Isovolemic hemodilution in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Part 2: Effects on regional cerebral blood flow and size of infarction. J Neurosurg 69:82-91, 1988

37. Wityk RJ, Stern BJ: Ischemic stroke: today and tomorrow. Crit Care Med 22:1278-93, 1994

38. Wood JH, Kee D: Hemorheology of the cerebral circulation in stroke. Stroke 16:765-72, 1985