1. Acalovschi I, Corbaciu D, Paraianu I: Cortical blindness after subclavian vein catheterization. J. Paren Enter Nutri 12:526-527, 1988.

2. Adornato DC, Gildenberg PL, Ferrario CM, Smart J, Frost EAM: Pathophysiology of intravenous air embolism in dogs. Anesthesiolgoy 49:120, 1978.

3. Aibiki M, Ogura S, Seki K, Honda K, Umegaki O, Shirakawa Y, Ogli K: Role of vagal afferents in hypotension induced by venous air embolism. Am J Physiol 266(3 Pt 2): 790- 795, 1994.

4. Albin MS, Ritter RR, Pruett CE, Kalff K: Venous air embolism during lumbar laminectomy in the prone position: report of three cases. Anesth Analg 73:346-349, 1991.

5. Albin MS, Ritter RR, Reinhart R, Erickson D, Rockwood A: Venous air embolism during radical retropubic prostatectomy. Anes Analg 74:151-153, 1992.

6. Artru AA: Placement of a multiorificed catheter in the inferior portion of the right atrium; percentage of gas retrieved and success rate of resuscitation after venous air embolism in prone dogs positioned with the abdomen hanging freely. Anesth Analg 79: 740-744, 1994.

7. Artru AA: Venous air embolism in prone dogs positioned with the abdomen hanging freely: percentage of gas retrieved and success rate of resuscitation. Anesth Analg 75: 715- 719, 1992.

8. Bedell EA, Berge KH, Losasso TJ: Paradoxic air embolism during venous air embolism: transesophageal echocardiographic evidence of transpulmonary air passage. Anesthesiology. 80: 947-50, 1994.

9. Black S, Cucchiara RF, Nishimura RA, Michenfelder JD: Parameters affecting occurrence of paradoxical air embolism. Anesthesiology 71:235-241, 1989.

10. Black S, Muzzi DA, Nishimura RA, Cucchiara RF: Preoperative and intraoperative echocardiography to detect right-to-left shunt in patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures in the sitting position. Anesthesiology 72:436-438, 1990.

11. Bove AA, Clark JM, Simon AJ, Lambertsen CJ: Successful therapy of cerebral air embolism with hyperbaric oxygen at 2.8 ATA. Undersea Biomedical Research 9:75-80, 1982.

12. Bowdle TA, Artru AA: Treatment of air embolism with a special pulmonary artery catheter introducer sheath in sitting dogs. Anesthesiology 68:107-110, 1988.

13. Bunegin L, Albin MS, Helsel PE, Hoffman A, Hung T-K: Positioning the right atrial catheter: a model for reappraisal. Anesthesiology 55:343-348, 1981.

14. Chandler WF, Dimsheff DG, Taren JA: Acute pulmonary edema following venous air embolism during a neurosurgical procedure. J Neurosurg 40:400-404, 1974. 15. Clayton DG, Evans P, Williams C, Thurlow AC: Paradoxical air embolism during neurosurgery. Anaethesia 40:981-989, 1985.

16. Cucchiara RF, Bowers: Air embolism in children undergoing suboccipital craniotomy. Anesthesiology 57:338-339, 1982.

17. Cucchiara RF, Nishimura RA, Black S: Failure of preoperative echo testing to prevent paradoxical air embolism: Report of two cases. Anesthesiology 71:604-607, 1989.

18. Davies JM, Campbell LA: Fatal air embolism during dental implant surgery: A report of three cases. Can J Anaesth 37:112-121, 1990.

19. Drummond JC, Prutlow RJ, Scheller MS: A comparison of the sensitivity of pulmonary artery pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide, and end-tidal nitrogen in the detection of venous air embolism in the dog. Anesth Analg 64:688-692, 1985.

20. Fong J, Gadalla F, Gimbel AA: Precordial doppler diagnosis of haemodynamically compromising air embolism during caesarean section. Can J Anaesth 37:262-264, 1990.

21. Girdler NM: Fatal sequel to dental implant surgery. J Oral Rehabil 21: 721-722, 1994.

22. Gottdiener JS, Papdemetriou V, Notargiacomo, Park WY, Cutler DJ: Incidence and cardiac effects of systemic venous air embolism. Arch Interm Med 148:795-800, 1988.

23. Grady MS, Bedford RF, Park TS: Changes in superior sagittal sinus pressure in children with head elevation, jugular venous compression, and PEEP. J Neurosurg 65:199-202, 1986.

24. Greville AC, Clements EA, Erwin DC, McMillan DL, Wellwood JMcK: Pulmonary air embolism during laparoscopic laser cholecystectomy. Anaesthesia 46:113-114, 1991.

25. Gronert GA, Messick JM Jr, Cucchiara RF, Michenfelder, JD: Paradoxical air embolism from a patent foramen ovale. Anesthesioloooogy 50:548-549, 1979.

26. Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD: Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc 59:17- 20, 1984.

27. Hatano Y, Murakawa M, Segawa H, Nishida Y, Mori K: Venous air embolism during hepatic resection. Anesthesiology 73:1282-1285, 1990.

28. Karuparthy VR, Downing JW, Husain FJ, Knape KG, Blanchard J, Solomon D, Albin MS: Incidence of venous air embolism during cesarean section is unchanged by the use of a 5 to 50ø head-up tilt. Anesth Analg 69:620-623, 1989.

29. Konstadt SN, Louie EK, Black S, Rao TLK, Scanlon P: Intraoperative detection of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal echocardiography. Anesthesiology 74:212-216, 1991.

30. Kytta J, Randell T, Tanskanen P, Kajimoto Y, Rosenberg PH: Monitoring lung compliance and end-tidal oxygen content for the detection of venous air embolism. Br J Anaesth 75: 447-451, 1995.

31. Lechat P, Mas JL, Lascault G, Loron P, Theard M, Klimczac M, Drobinski G, Thomas C, Grosgogeat Y: Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke. N Engl J Med 318:1148-1152, 1988.

32. Losasso TJ, Muzzi DA, Dietz NM, Cucchiara RF: Fifty percent nitrous oxide does not increase the risk of venous air embolism in neurosurgical patients operated upon in the sitting position. Anesthesiology 77:21, 1992.

33. Losasso TJ, Black S, Muzzi DA, Michenfelder JD, Cucchiara RF: Detection and hemodynamic consequence of venous air embolism: Does nitrous oxide make a difference? Anesthesiology 77:148, 1992.

34. Lowdon JD, Tidmore TL Jr: Fatal air embolism after gastrointestinal endoscopy. Anesthesiology 69:622-623, 1988.

35. Lowenwirt IP, Chi DS, Handwerker SM: Nonfatal venous air embolism during cesarean section: a case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 49: 72-76, 1994.

36. Lynch JJ, Schuchard GH, Gross CM, Wann LS: Prevalence of right-to-left atrial shunting in a healthy population: Detection by valsalva maneuver contrast echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 53:1478-1480, 1984.

37. Marquez J, Sladen A, Gendell H, Boehnke M, Mendelow H: Paradoxical cerebral air embolism without an intracardiac septal defect. J Neurosurg 55:997-1000, 1981.

37. Matjasko MJ, Hellman J, Mackenzie CF: Venous air embolism, hypotension, and end- tidal nitrogen. Neurosurgery 21:378-382, 1987.

38. Matjasko MJ, Petrozza P, Mackenzie CF: Sensitivity of end-tidal nitrogen in venous air embolism detection in dogs. Anesthesiology 63:418-423, 1985.

39. McGrath BJ, Zimmerman JE, Williams JF, Parmet J: Carbon dioxide embolism treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Can J Anaesth 36:586-589, 1989.

40. Mehlhorn U, Burke EJ, Butler BD, Davis KL, Katz J, Melamed E, Morris WP, Allen SJ: Body position does not affect the hemodynamic response to venous air embolism in dogs. Anesth Analg 79: 734-9, 1994.

41. Meister SG, Grossman W, Dexter L, Dalen JE: Paradoxical embolism diagnosis during life. Am J Medicine 53:292-298, 1972.

42. Michenfelder J: Central venous catheters in the management of air embolism. Whether as well as where. Anesthesiology 55:339-341, 1981.

43. Mongan P, Peterson RE, Culling RD: Pressure monitoring can accurately position catheters for air embolism aspiration. J Clin Monit 8: 121-5, 1992.

44. Movsowitz C, Podolsky LA, Meyerowitz CB, Jacobs LE, Kotler MN: Patent foramen ovale: a nonfunctional embryological remnant or a potential cause of significant pathology? J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 5: 259-70, 1992.

45. Muzzi DA, Losasso TJ, Black S, Nishimura R: Comparison of a transesophageal and precordial ultrasonic Doppler sensor in the detection of venous air embolism. Anesth Analg 70:103-104, 1990.

46. Nemec JJ, Marwick TH, Lorig RJ, Davison MB, Chimowitz MI, Litowita H, Salcedo EE: Comparison of transcranial Doppler ultrasound and transesophageal contrast echocardiography in the detection of interatrial right-to-left shunts. Am J Card 68:1498-1502, 1991.

47. Olympio MA, Bell WO: Venous air embolism after craniotomy closure: tension pneumocephalus implicated. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6: 35-9, 1994.

48. Papadopoulos G, Kuhly P, Brock M, Rudolph KH, Link J, Eyrich K: Venous and paradoxical air embolism in the sitting position. A prospective study with transoesophageal echocardiography. Acta-Neurochir-Wien. 126: 140-143, 1994.

49. Pearl RG, Larson CP: Hemodynamic effects of positive end-expiratory pressure during continuous venous air embolism in the dog. Anesthesiology 64:724-729, 1986.

50. Perry PM, Boughman VL: A complication of hysteroscopy: Air embolism. Anesthesiology 73:546-547, 1990.

51. Sakamoto T, Kawaguchi M, Furuya H, Ohnishi H, Karasawa J: Preoperative evaluation for risk of venous air embolism in the sitting position. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7: 124- 126, 1995.

52. Schwarz G, Fuchs G, Weihs W, Tritthart H, Schalk HV, Kaltenbock F: Sitting position for neurosurgery: experience with preoperative contrast echocardiography in 301 patients J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6: 83-88, 1994.

53. Scuplak SM, Smith M, Harkness WF: Air embolism during awake craniotomy. Anaesthesia 50: 338-40, 1995.

54. Toung T, Ngeow YK, Long DL, Rogers MC, Traystman RJ: Comparison of the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure and jugular venous compression on canine cerebral venous pressure. Anesthesiology 61:169-172, 1984.

55. Vancanti CA, Lodhia KL: Fatal massive air embolism during transurethral resection of the prostate. Anesthesiology 74:186-187, 1991.

56. Wadhwa RK, McKenzie R, Wadhwa SR, Katz DL, Byers JF: Gas embolism during laparoscopy. Anesthesiology 48:74-76, 1978.

57. Wasnick JD, Vassallo SA, Hoffman WJ, Russell TK, Eichenholz PW: Venous air embolism and cervical microdiscectomy. Anesth Analg 81: 1287-1288, 1995.

58. Zasslow MA, Pearl RG, Larson CP, Silverberg G, Shuer LF: PEEP does not affect left atrial-right atrial pressure difference in neurosurgical patients. Anesthesiology 68:760-763, 1988.

59. Zentner J, Albrecht T, Hassler W: Prevention of an air embolism by moderate hypoventilation during surgery in the sitting position. Neurosurgery. 28: 705-708, 1991.