1. Abe K, Hideaki I, Shimada Y, Yoshiya I: The effect of nicardipine on carotid blood
flow velocity, local cerebral blood flow, and carbon dioxide reactivity during cerebral
aneurysm surgery. Anesth Analg 76:1227-1233, 1993
2. Albrecht RF, Miletich DJ, Rosenberg R, Zahed B: Cerebral blood flow and
metabolic changes from induction to onset of anesthesia with halothane or
pentobarbital. Anesthesiology 47:252-256, 1977
3. Algotsson L, Messeter K, Rosen I, Holmin T: Effects of nitrous oxide on cerebral
haemodynamics and metabolism during isoflurane anaesthesia in man. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 36:46-52, 1992
4. Algotsson L, Messeter K, Nordstrom CH, Ryding E: Cerebral blood flow and
oxygen consumption during isoflurane and halothane anesthesia in man. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 32:15-20, 1988
*5. Aqyagi M, Deshmukh VD, Meyer JS, Kawamura Y, Tagashira Y: Effect of
beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol on cerebral blood flow, autoregulation and
CO2 responsiveness. Stroke 7:291-295, 1976
*6. Artru AA, Shapira Y, Bowdle TA: Electroencephalogram, cerebral metabolic, and
vascular responses to propofol anesthesia in dogs. J Neurosurg Anesth 4:99-109,
1992
7. Astrup J, Rosenorn J, Cold GE, Bendtsen A, Sorensen PM: Minimum cerebral
blood flow and metabolism during craniotomy: Effect of thiopental loading. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 28:478-481, 1984
8. Bandres J, Yao L, Nemoto EM, Yonas H, Darby J: Effects of dobutamine and
dopamine on whole brain blood flow and metabolism in unanesthetized monkeys. J
Neurosurg Anesth 4:250-256, 1992
9. Bari F, Horvath G, Benedek G: Dexmedetomidine-induced decrease in cerebral
blood flow is attenuated by verapamil in rats: a laser Doppler study. Can J Anaesth
40:748-745, 1993
10. Baughman VL, Hoffman WE, Albrecht RF, Miletich DJ: Cerebral vascular and
metabolic effects of fentanyl and midazolam in young and aged rats. Anesthesiology
67:314-319, 1987
*11. Berkowitz ID, Gervais H, Schleien CL, Koehler RC, Dean JM, Traystman RJ:
Epinephrine dosage effects on cerebral and myocardial blood flow in an infant swine
model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesthesiology 75:1041-1050, 1991
*12. Brian JE Jr, Traystman RJ, McPherson RW: Changes in cerebral blood flow over
time during isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. J Neurosurg Anesth 2:122-130, 1990
13. Brown FD, Crockard HA, Johns LM, Mullan S: The effects of sodium
nitroprusside and trimethaphan camsylate on cerebral blood flow in rhesus monkeys.
Neurosurgery 2:31-34, 1978
*14. Brussel T, Fitch W, Brodner G, Arendt I, Van Aken H: Effects of halothane in
low concentrations on cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolism, and cerebrovascular
autoregulation in the baboon. Anesth Analg 73:758-764, 1991
15. Carlsson C, Hagerdal M, Kaasik AE, Siesjo BK: The effects of diazepam
oncerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in rats and its synergistic interaction
with nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 45:319-325, 1976
16. Carlsson C, Smith DS, Keykhah MM, Englebach I, Harp JR: The effects of high
dose fentanyl on cerebral circulation and metabolism in rats. Anesthesiology
57:375-380, 1982
17. Christensen MS, Hoedt-Rasmussen K, Lassen NA: Cerebral vasodilatation
byhalothane anaesthesia in man and its potentiation by hypotension and hypercapnia.
Br J Anaesth 39:927-934, 1967
*18. Cold GE, Christensen KJS, Nordentoft J, Engberg M, Pedersen MB: Cerebral
blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and relative CO2 reactivity during
neurolept anaesthesia in patients subjected to craniotomy for supratentorial cerebral
tumors. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 32:310-315, 1988
*19. Cotev S, Shalit MN: Effects of diazepam on cerebral blood flow and oxygen
uptake after head injury. Anesthesiology 43:117-122, 1975
20. Cucciara RF, Theye RA, Michenfelder JD: The effects of isoflurane on canine
cerebral metabolism and blood flow. Anesthesiology 40:571-574, 1974
21. Dahlgren N, Ingvar M, Siesjo BK: Effect of propranolol on local cerebral blood
flow under normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab
1:429-436, 1981
22. Drummond JC, Scheller MS, Todd MM: The effect of nitrous oxide on cortical
cerebral blood flow during anesthesia with halothane and isoflurane, with and
without morphine, in the rabbit. Anesth Analg 66:1083-1089, 1987
23. Drummond JC, Todd MM: The response of the feline cerebral circulation to
PaCO2 during anesthesia with isoflurane and halothane and during sedation with
nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 62:268-273, 1985
24. Drummond JC, Todd MM, Scheller MS, Shapiro HM: A comparison of the direct
cerebral vasodilating potencies of halothane and isoflurane in the New Zealand white
rabbit. Anesthesiology 65:462-467, 1986
25. Fitch W. Jones JV, Graham DI, MacKenzie ET, Harper AM: Effects of hypotension
induced by halothane, on the cerebral circulation in baboons with experimental
renovascular hypertension. Br J Anaesth 50:119-125, 1978
26. Forster A, Juge O, Louis M, Nahory A: Effects of a specific benzodiazepine
antagonist (RO 15-1788) on cerebral blood flow. Anesth Analg 66:309-313, 1987
27. Forster A, Juge O, Morel D: Effects of midazolam on cerebral hemodynamics and
cerebral vasomotor responsiveness to carbon dioxide. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab
3:246-249, 1983
*28. Frizzell RT, Meyer YJ, Borchers DJ, Weprin BE, Allen EC, Pogue WR et al: The
effects of etomidate on cerebral metabolism and blood flow in a canine model for
hypoperfusion. J Neurosurg 74:263-269, 1991
29. Frizzell RT, Fichtel FM, Jordan MB, Weprin BE, Borchers DJ, Allen EC, Pogue
WR, Batjer HH: Effects of etomidate and hypothermia on cerebral metabolism and
blood flow in a canine model of hypoperfusion. J Neurosurg Anesth 5:104-110, 1993
30. Gelb AW, Gignac E, Manninen PH, Farrar JK, Lee DH: Methylparaben and
propylparaben do not alter cerebral blood flow in humans. Can J Anaest 39:691-694,
1992
*31. Gervais HW, Schleien CL, Koehler RC, Berkowitz ID, Shaffner DH, Traystman
RJ: Effect of adrenergic drugs on cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and evoked
potentials after delayed cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Stroke 22:1554-1561,
1991
*32. Hansen TD, Warner DS, Todd MM, Vust LJ: Effects of nitrous oxide and volatile
anaesthetics on cerebral blood flow. Br J Anaesth 63:290-295, 1989
33. Hansen TD, Warner DS, Todd MM, Vust LJ: The role of cerebral metabolism in
determining the local cerebral blood flow effects of volatile anesthetics: Evidence for
persistent flow-metabolism coupling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9:323-328, 1989
*34. Hansen TD, Warner DS, Todd MM, Vust LJ, Trawick DC: Distribution of
cerebral blood flow during halothane versus isoflurane anesthesia in rats.
Anesthesiology 69: 332-337, 1988
35. Haws CW, Gourley JK, Heistad DD: Effects of nimodipine on cerebral blood
flow. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 225:24-28, 1983
*37. Hoffman WE, Edelman G, Kochs E, Werner C, Segil L, Albrecht RF: Cerebral
auto- regulation in awake versus isoflurane-anesthetized rats. Anesth Analg
73:753-757, 1991
38. Hoffman WE, Miletich DJ, Albrecht RF: The effects of midazolam on cerebral
blood flow consumption and its interaction with nitrous oxide. Anesth Analg 65:
729-733, 1986
*39. Hoffman WE, Werner C, Kochs E, Segil L, Edelman G, Albrecht RF: Cerebral
and spinal cord blood flow in awake and fentanyl-N2O anesthetized rats: Evidence
for preservation of blood flow autoregulation during anesthesia. J Neurosurg Anesth
4:31-35, 1992
*40. Hoffman WE, Cunningham F, James MK, Baughman VL, Albrecht RF: Effects of
remifentanil, a new short-acting opioid, on cerebral blood flow, brain electrical
activity, and intracranial pressure in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane and nitrous
oxide. Anesthesiology 19:107-113, 1993
41. Hoehner PJ, Whitson JT, Kirsch JR, Traystman RJ: Effect of intracarotid and
intraventricular morphine on regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism in
pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg 76:266-273, 1993
42. Hougaard K, Hansen A, Brodersen P: The effect of ketamine on regional cerebral
blood flow in man. Anesthesiology 41:562-567, 1974
43. Jafar JJ, Johns LM, Mullan SF: The effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow. J
Neurosurg 64: 754-759, 1986
44. Jarden JO, Barry DI, Juhler M, Graham DI, Strandgaard S, Paulson OB:
Cerebrovascular aspects of converting-enzyme inhibition: II. Blood-brain barrier
permeability and effect of intracerebroventricular administration of captopril. J
Hypertens 2:599-604, 1984
45. Jensen K, Bunemann L, Riisager S, Thomsen LJ: Cerebral blood flow
duringanaesthesia: Influence of pretreatment with metoprolol or captopril. Br J
Anaesth 62:321-323, 1989
46. Jobes DR, Kennell EM, Bush GL, Mull TD, Lecky JH, Behar MG et al: Cerebral
blood flow and metabolism during morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia in man.
Anesthesiology 47:16-18, 1977
47. Kassell NF, Hitchon PW, Gerk MK, Sokoll MD, Hill TR: Alterations in cerebral
blood flow, oxygen metabolism, and electrical activity produced by high dose sodium
thiopental. Neurosurgery 7:598-603, 1980
48. Keykhah MM, Smith DS, Carlsson C, Safo Y, Englebach I, Harp JR: Influence of
sufentanil on cerebral metabolism and circulation in the rat. Anesthesiology
63:274-277, 1985
49. Kitaguchi K, Ohsumi H, Kuro M, Nakajima T, Hayashi Y: Effects of sevoflurane
on cerebral circulation and metabolism in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular
disease.Anesthesiology 79:704-709, 1993
50. Kumano H, Shimomura T, Furuya H, Yomosa H, Okuda T, Sakaki T, Kuro M:
Effects of flumazenil during administration of midazolam on pial vessel diameter and
regional cerebral blood flow in cats. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37:567-570, 1993
*51. Lanier WL, Iaizzo PA, Milde JH: Cerebral function and muscle afferent activity
following intravenous succinylcholine in dogs anesthetized with halothane: The
effects of pretreatment with a defasciculating dose of pancuronium. Anesthesiology
71:87-95,1989
52. Lanier WL, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: The cerebral effects of pancuronium and
atracurium in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Anesthesiology 63:589-597, 1985
*53. Lanier WL, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: Cerebral stimulation following
succinylcholine in dogs. Anesthesiology 64:551-559, 1986
54. Leon JE, Bissonnette B: Cerebrovascular responses to carbon dioxide in children
anaesthetized with halothane and isoflurane. Can J Anaesth 38:817-825, 1991
*55. Lutz LJ, Milde JH, Milde LN: The cerebral functional, metabolic, and
hemodynamic effects of desflurane in dogs. Anesthesiology 73:125-131, 1990
*56. Lutz LJ, Milde JH, Milde LN: The response of the canine cerebral circulation to
hyper- ventilation during anesthesia with desflurane. Anesthesiology 74:504-507,
1991
*57. MacKenzie ET, McCulloch J, O Kean M, Pickard JD, Harper AM: Cerebral
circulation and norepinephrine: Relevance of the blood-brain barrier. Am J Physiol
231:483-488, 1976
58. Madsen BJ, Cold GE, Eriksen HO, Eskesen V, Blatt-Lyon B: CBF and CMRO2
during craniotomy for small supratentorial cerebral tumours in enflurane anaesthesia:
A dose response study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 30:633-636, 1986
59. Madsen JB, Cold GE, Hansen ES, Bardrum B: The effect of isoflurane on cerebral
blood flow and metabolism in humans during craniotomy for small supratentorial
cerebral tumors. Anesthesiology 66:332-336, 1987
60. Maekawa T, Tommasino C, Shapiro HM, Keifer-Goodman J, Kohlenberger RW:
Local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization during isoflurane anesthesia in the
rat. Anesthesiology 65:144-151, 1986
*61. Manohar M, Parks C: Regional distribution of brain and myocardial perfusion in
swine while awake and during 1.0 and 1.5 MAC isoflurane anesthesia produced
without or with 50% nitrous oxide. Cardiovasc Res 18:344-353, 1984
62. McKay RD, Sundt TM, Michenfelder JD, Gronert GA, Messick JM, Sharbrough
FW et al: Internal carotid artery stump pressure and cerebral blood flow during
carotid endarterectomy: Modification by halothane, enflurane, and innovar.
Anesthesiology 45:390-399, 1976
63. McPherson RW, Brian JE, Traystman RJ: Cerebrovascular responsiveness to
carbon dioxide in dogs with 1.4% and 2.8% isoflurane. Anesthesiology 70:843-850,
1989
64. McPherson RW, Krempasanka E, Eimerl D, Traystman RJ: Effects of alfentanil on
cerebral vascular reactivity in dogs. Br J Anaesth 57:1232-1238, 1985
65. McPherson RW, Traystman RJ: Fentanyl and cerebral vascular responsivity in
dogs. Anesthesiology 60:180-186, 1984
66. McPherson RW, Traystman RJ: Effects of isoflurane on cerebral autoregulation in
dogs. Anesthesiology 69:493-499, 1988
67. Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: Effects of fentanyl, droperidol, and innovar on
canine cerebral metabolism and blood flow. Br J Anaesth 43:630-636, 1971
68. Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: Canine systemic and cerebral effects of hypotension
induced by hemorrhage, trimethaphan, halothane, or nitroprusside. Anesthesiology
46:188-195, 1977
69. Milde LN, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: Cerebral functional, metabolic, and
hemodynamic effects of etomidate in dogs. Anesthesiology 63:371-377, 1985
70. Miletich DJ, Ivankovich AD, Albrecht RF, Reimann CR, Rosenberg R, McKissic
ED: Absence of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow during halothane and enflurane
anesthesia. Anesth Analg (Cleve) 55:100-109, 1976
71. Mohamed AA, McCulloch J, Mendelow AD, Teasdale GM, Harper AM: Effect of
the calcium antagonist nimodipine on local cerebral blood flow: Relationship to
arterial blood pressure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4:206-211, 1984
72. Muizelaar JP, Wei EP, Kontos HA, Becker DP: Mannitol causes
compensatorycerebral vasoconstriction and vasodilation in response to blood viscosity
changes. J Neurosurg 59:822-828, 1983
73. Newman B, Gelb AW, Lam AM: The effect of isoflurane-induced hypotension on
cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen in humans.
Anesthesiology 64:307-310, 1986
74. Okuda Y, McDowall DG, Ali MM, Lane JR: Changes in CO2 responsiveness and
in autoregulation of the cerebral circulation during and after halothane-induced
hypotension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 39:221-230, 1976
75. Olesen J: The effect of intracarotid epinephrine, norepinephrine, and angiotensin
on the regional cerebral blood flow in man. Neurology 22:978-987, 1972
76. Olsen KS, Henriksen L, Dige-Petersen H, Chraemmer-Jorgensen B, Rosen rn J:
Effect of ketanserin on global cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen metabolism
during midazolam-fentanyl or isoflurane anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 69:263-268, 1992
*77. Ooboshi H, Sadoshima S, Fujii K, Yao H, Ibayashi S, Fujishima M: Acute effects
of antihypertensive agents on cerebral blood flow in hypertensive rats. Eur J
Pharmacol 179:253-261, 1990
78. Ornstein E, Young WL, Fleischer LH, Ostapkovich N: Desflurane and isoflurane
have similar effects on cerebral blood flow in patients with intracranial mass lesions.
Anesthesiology 79:498-502, 1993
*79. Patel PM, Mutch WAC: The cerebral pressure-flow relationship during 1.0 MAC
isoflurane anesthesia in the rabbit: The effect of different vasopressors.
Anesthesiology 72:118-124, 1990
80. Pelligrino DA, Miletich DJ, Hoffman WE, Albrecht RF: Nitrous oxide markedly
increases cerebral cortical metabolic rate and blood flow in the goat. Anesthesiology
60:405-412, 1984
81. Pierce EC, Lambertson CJ, Deutsch S, Chase PE, Linde HW, Dripps RD et al:
Cerebral circulation and metabolism during thiopental anesthesia and
hyperventilation in man. J Clin Invest 41:1664-1671, 1962
82. Power SJ, Morgan M, Chakrabarti MK: Carbon dioxide response curves following
midazolam and diazepam. Br J Anaesth 55:837-841, 1983
83. Proctor HJ, Woodley C, Palladino GW: Effect of intravenous epinephrine on
cerebral cortical blood flow, oxygen tension, and high-energy phosphate metabolism
after hypoxic hypotension. Adv Shock Res 8:153-162, 1982
*84. Ramani R, Todd MM, Warner DS: A dose-response study of the influence of
propofol on cerebral blood flow, metabolism and the electroencephalogram in the
rabbit. J Neurosurg Anesth 4:110-119, 1992
85. Renou AM, Vernheit J, Macrez P, Constant P, Billerey J, Khadaroo MY et al:
Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during etomidate anaesthesia in man. Br J
Anaesth 50:1047-1051, 1978
86. Roald OK, Forsman M, Steen PA: The effect of prolonged isoflurane anaesthesia
on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the dog. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
33:210-213, 1989
*87. Rogers AT, Prough DS, Gravlee GP, Roy RC, Mills SA, Stump DA et al: Sodium
nitroprusside infusion does not dilate cerebral resistance vessels during hypothermic
cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology 74:820-826, 1991
88. Rogers AT, Prough DS, Stump DA, Gravlee GP, Angert KC, Roy RC et al:
Cerebral blood flow does not change following sodium nitroprusside infusion during
hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 68:122-126, 1989
89. Safo Y, Young ML, Smith DS, Greenberg J, Carlsson C, Reivich M et al: Effects of
fentanyl on local cerebral blood flow in the rat. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29:594-598,
1985
90. Sakabe T, Kuramoto T, Inoue S, Takeshita H: Cerebral effects of nitrous oxide in
the dog. Anesthesiology 48:195-200, 1978
*91. Scheller MS, Nakakimura K, Fleischer JE, Zornow MH: Cerebral effects of
sevoflurane in the dog: Comparison with isoflurane and enflurane. Br J Anaesth
65:388-392, 1990
*92. Scheller MS, Todd MM, Drummond JC: Isoflurane, and regional cerebral blood
flow at various levels of PaCO2 in rabbits. Anesthesiology 64:598-604, 1986
93. Schroeder T, Sillesen H: Dihydralazine induces marked cerebral vasodilation in
man. Eur J Clin Invest 17:214-217, 1987
94. Schwedler M, Miletich DJ, Albrecht RF: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism
following ketamine administration. Can Anaesth Soc J 29:222-226, 1982
*95. Sheehan PB, Zornow MH, Scheller MS, Peterson BM: The effects of fentanyl and
sufentanil on intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow in rabbits with an acute
cryogenic brain injury. J Neurosurg Anesth 4:261-267, 1992
96. Olsen SK, Videbaek C, Agerlin N, Kroll M, Boge-Rasmussen T, Paulson OB,
Gjerris F: The effect of tirilazad mesylate (U74006F) on cerebral oxygen consumption,
and reactivity of cerebral blood flow to carbon dioxide in healthy volunteers.
Anesthesiology 79:666-671, 1993
*97. Stange K, Lagerkranser M, Sollevi A: Nitroprusside-induced hypotension and
cerebrovascular autoregulation in the anesthetized pig. Anesth Analg 73:745-752, 1991
98. Todd MM: The effects of PaCO2 on the cerebrovascular response to nitrous oxide
in the halothane-anesthetized rabbit. Anesth Analg 66:1090-1095, 1987
99. Turner DM, Kassell NF, Sasaki T, Comair YG, Boarini DJ, Beck DO:
Time-dependent changes in cerebral and cardiovascular parameters in
isoflurane-nitrous oxide-anesthetized dogs. Neurosurgery 14:135-141, 1984
100. Van Aken H, Fitch W, Graham DI, Brussel T, Themannn H: Cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular effects of isoflurane induced hypotension in the baboon. Anesth
Analg 65:565-574, 1986
101. Vernhiet J, Renou AM AM, Orgogozo JM, Constant P, Caille JM: Effects of a
diazepam- fentanyl mixture on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man.
Br J Anaesth 50:165-169, 1978
102. Vesely R, Hoffman WE, Gil KSL, Albrecht RF, Miletich DJ: The cerebrovascular
effects of curare and histamine in the rat. Anesthesiology 66:519-523, 1987
103. Warner DS, Turner DM, Kassell NF: Time-dependent effects of prolonged
hypercapnia on cerebrovascular parameters in dogs: Acid-base chemistry. Stroke
18:142-149, 1987
104. Werner C, Hoffman WE, Kochs E, Schulte am Esch J, Albrecht RF: The effects of
propofol on cerebral and spinal cord blood flow in rats. Anesth Analg 76:971-975,
1993
105. Woodcock TE, Murkin JM, Farrar JK, Tweed WA, Guiraudon GM, McKenzie FN
Pharmacologic EEG suppression during cardiopulmonary bypass: Cerebral
hemodynamic and metabolic effects of thiopental or isoflurane during hypothermia
and normothermia. Anesthesiology 67:218-224, 1987
*106. Young WL, Barkai AI, Prohovnik I, Nelson H, Durkin M: Effect of PaCO2 on
cerebral blood flow distribution during halothane compared with isoflurane
anaesthesia in the rat. Br J Anaesth 67:440-446, 1991
107. Young WL, Chien S: Effect of nimodipine on cerebral blood flow and
metabolism in rats during hyperventilation. Stroke 20:275-280, 1989
108. Young WL, Prohovnik I, Correll JW, Ornstein E, Matteo RS, Ostapkovich N:
Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients undergoing anesthesia for carotid
endarterectomy: A comparison of isoflurane, halothane, and fentanyl. Anesth Analg
68:712-717, 1989
109. Young WL, Prohovnik I, Correll JW, Ostapkovich N, Ornstein E: Thiopental
effect on cerebral blood flow during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg Anesth
3:265-269, 1991
*110. Young WL, Prohovnik I, Correll JW, Ostapkovich N, Ornstein E, Matteo RS et
al: A comparison of the cerebral hemodynamic effects of sufentanil and isoflurane in
humans undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiology 71:863-869, 1989
111. Young WL, Prohovnik I, Correll JW, Ostapkovich N, Ornstein E, Quest DO: A
comparison of cerebral blood flow reactivity to CO2 during halothane versus
isoflurane anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. Anesth Analg 73:416-421, 1991