Compiled by Piyush M. Patel, MD, FRCPC
University of California, San Diego, VA Medical Center; San Diego
Copyright (c) 1996 SNACC All Rights Reserved


1. Albright AL, Latchaw RE, Robinson AG: Intracranial and systemic effects of hetastarch in experimental cerebral edema. 496-500, 1984

2. Battistella FD, Wisner DH: Combined hemorrhagic shock and head injury: effects of hypertonic saline (7.5%) resuscitation. J Trauma 31:182-8, 1991

3. Berger S, Schurer L, Hartl R, Deisbock T, Dautermann C, Murr R, Messmer K, Baethmann A: 7.2% NaCl/10% dextran 60 versus 20% mannitol for treatment of intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 60:494-8, 1994

4. Bullock R: Mannitol and other diuretics in severe neurotrauma. New Horiz 3:448-52, 1995

5. Claes Y, Van HJ, Van GM, Arnout J, Vermylen J, Weidler B, Van AH: Influence of hydroxyethyl starch on coagulation in patients during the perioperative period. Anesth Analg 75:24-30, 1992

6. Freshman SP, Battistella FD, Matteucci M, Wisner DH: Hypertonic saline (7.5%) versus mannitol: a comparison for treatment of acute head injuries. J Trauma 35:344-8, 1993

7. Gunnar W, Jonasson O, Merlotti G, Stone J, Barrett J: Head injury and hemorrhagic shock: studies of the blood brain barrier and intracranial pressure after resuscitation with normal saline solution, 3% saline solution, and dextran-40. Surgery 103:398-407, 1988

8. Hariri RJ, Firlick AD, Shepard SR, Cohen DS, Barie PS, Emery JD, Ghajar JB: Traumatic brain injury, hemorrhagic shock, and fluid resuscitation: effects on intracranial pressure and brain compliance. J Neurosurg 79:421-7, 1993

9. Kaieda R, Todd MM, Cook LN, Warner DS: Acute effects of changing plasma osmolality and colloid oncotic pressure on the formation of brain edema after cryogenic injury. Neurosurgery 24:671-8, 1989

10. Kaieda R, Todd MM, Warner DS: Prolonged reduction in colloid oncotic pressure does not increase brain edema following cryogenic injury in rabbits. Anesthesiology 71:554-60, 1989

11. Kaufmann AM, Cardoso ER: Aggravation of vasogenic cerebral edema by multiple-dose mannitol. J Neurosurg 77:584-9, 1992

12. McManus ML, Strange K: Acute volume regulation of brain cells in response to hypertonic challenge. Anesthesiology 78:1132-7, 1993

13. Miller JD, Piper IR, Dearden NM: Management of intracranial hypertension in head injury: matching treatment with cause. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 57:152-9, 1993

14. Moran JL: Latent and manifest hyperosmolal states--two consequences of osmotherapy for head injury. Anaesth Intensive Care 10:365-9, 1982

15. Pickard JD, Czosnyka M: Management of raised intracranial pressure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56:845-58, 1993

16. Prough DS, Johnson JC, Stump DA, Stullken EH, Poole GJ, Howard G: Effects of hypertonic saline versus lactated Ringer's solution on cerebral oxygen transport during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. J Neurosurg 64:627-32, 1986

17. Schmoker JD, Shackford SR, Wald SL, Pietropaoli JA: An analysis of the relationship between fluid and sodium administration and intracranial pressure after head injury. J Trauma 33:476-81, 1992

18. Schmoker JD, Zhuang J, Shackford SR: Hypertonic fluid resuscitation improves cerebral oxygen delivery and reduces intracranial pressure after hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 31:1607-13, 1991

19. Shackford SR, Zhuang J, Schmoker J: Intravenous fluid tonicity: effect on intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, and cerebral oxygen delivery in focal brain injury. J Neurosurg 76:91-8, 1992

20. Shapira Y, Artru AA, Cotev S, Muggia-Sulam M, Freund HR: Brain edema and neurologic status following head trauma in the rat. No effect from large volumes of isotonic or hypertonic intravenous fluids, with or without glucose. Anesthesiology 77:79-85, 1992

21. Shirane R, Weinstein PR: Effect of mannitol on local cerebral blood flow after temporary complete cerebral ischemia in rats. J Neurosurg 76:486-92, 1992

22. Strange K, Morrison R: Volume regulation during recovery from chronic hypertonicity in brain glial cells. Am J Physiol 263(2 Pt1):C412-9, 1992

23. Todd MM, Tommasino C, Moore S: Cerebral effects of isovolemic hemodilution with a hypertonic saline solution. J Neurosurg 63:944-8, 1985

24. Todd MM, Wu B, Warner DS: The hemispheric cerebrovascular response to hemodilution is attenuated by a focal cryogenic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 11:149-60, 1994

25. Trachtman H: Cell volume regulation: a review of cerebral adaptive mechanisms and implications for clinical treatment of osmolal disturbances: II. Pediatr Nephrol 6:104-12, 1992

26. Tranmer BI, Iacobacci RI, Kindt GW: Effects of crystalloid and colloid infusions on intracranial pressure and computerized electroencephalographic data in dogs with vasogenic brain edema. Neurosurgery 25:173-8, 1989

27. Wisner DH, Schuster L, Quinn C: Hypertonic saline resuscitation of head injury: effects on cerebral water content. J Trauma 30:75-8, 1990

28. Wolf AL, Levi L, Marmarou A, Ward JD, Muizelaar PJ, Choi S, Young H, Rigamonti D, Robinson WL: Effect of THAM upon outcome in severe head injury: a randomized prospective clinical trial. J Neurosurg 78:54-9, 1993

29. Zornow MH, Oh YS, Scheller MS: A comparison of the cerebral and haemodynamic effects of mannitol and hypertonic saline in an animal model of brain injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 51:324-5, 1990

30. Zornow MH, Prough DS: Fluid management in patients with traumatic brain injury. New Horiz 3:488-98, 1995

31. Zornow MH, Scheller MS, Shackford SR: Effect of a hypertonic lactated Ringer's solution on intracranial pressure and cerebral water content in a model of traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 29:484-8, 1989

32. Zornow MH, Scheller MS, Todd MM, Moore SS: Acute cerebral effects of isotonic crystalloid and colloid solutions following cryogenic brain injury in the rabbit. Anesthesiology 69:180-4, 1988